![]() Moreover, a linear electrode produces a spherical electric field of which only the part aimed toward the spinal cord is effective, leading to a reduced energy efficiency and limiting the capacity for a more targeted therapy ( 8).Ĭonversely, a paddle electrode, which is typically as wide as 12 mm, produces an electric field that is oriented toward the spinal cord only thus, less power is required to obtain similar results ( 3). Implantation of up to three linear probes is possible to cover a larger area but generally remains less effective and more likely to migrate during its lifetime compared with a paddle-type device ( 7). Unfortunately, the benefit of simple implantation is negated by its decreased capability to manage pain because of its limited spatial range and likelihood of migration (displacement) when compared with a paddle-type probe ( 6). With less than a 2-mm diameter, the cylindrical, linear design can be implanted percutaneously via a Tuohy needle in a relatively low-risk and simple “day surgery” procedure ( 5). SCS devices are commonly separated into two categories: percutaneous linear-type probes and paddle-type probes, consisting of a one-dimensional (1D) and a 2D array of electrodes, respectively ( 4). The electrodes are usually connected to an implanted pulse generator, which controls the stimulation parameters. Patients undergoing SCS therapy will have electrodes implanted into the epidural space of the spinal column. This device paves the way for shape-changing bioelectronic devices that offer a large footprint for sensing or stimulation but are implanted in patients percutaneously in a minimally invasive fashion. The device and implantation procedure have been validated in vitro and on human cadaver models. This device can be rolled up into the shape of a standard percutaneous needle then implanted on the site of interest before being expanded in situ, unfurling into its paddle-type conformation. By applying photo- and soft lithography fabrication, we have developed a device that features thin, flexible electronics and integrated fluidic channels. ![]() However, today, clinicians need to choose between bulky paddle-type devices, requiring invasive surgery under general anesthetic, and percutaneous lead–type devices, which can be implanted via simple needle puncture under local anesthetic but offer clinical drawbacks when compared with paddle devices. ![]() ![]() Spinal cord stimulation is one of the oldest and most established neuromodulation therapies. ![]()
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