![]() ![]() Under the PRI, the major cartels in Mexico, each with their assigned territories (plazas) remained subordinate to a state whose officials and elite families quietly profited from the illicit narcotics trade. The process of political transition in Mexico from an autocratic-seventy-year one party dominated system under the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)-to a democratic multiparty system beginning in 2000 further greatly influenced cartel evolution. counter-narcotics efforts spearheaded by the DEA to track down those responsible, and the initial establishment of the ‘plaza system’ by Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo (“El Padrino”) in the 1987–1989 era as a defensive countermove against those efforts. Typically, forgotten events that have directly impacted the rise of cartels include the torture killing of DEA agent Enrique “Kiki” Camarena in Mexico in 1985, U.S. Cartel evolution has been influenced by numerous factors ranging from intentional and unintentional governmental policies and second order effects, through changes in illicit market preferences and flows, to cartel mergers, infighting, and innovations. border via Mexico and with the subsequent dismantling of the major cartels found in Colombia in the 1990s. shifting from Southern Florida to over the U.S. Since their initial appearance in the late 1980s, they have greatly evolved with the preferred narcotics route into the U.S. It is important to understand this process and to remember that Mexico did not always have cartels. The topic is of significance because these groups have developed from drug trafficking organizations to transnational criminal entities operating not only in Mexico but increasingly in Central America, throughout the United States, and in other regions of the Western hemisphere, West Africa, and Asia. Gativereportingbackgroundswithsomecurrently,orinthepast,engagedinoverlapping professional roles. During this period of transition – as in the transition periods between epochs which have preceded it – the dominant state form undergoes a deinstitutionalization process, and war is less about traditional issues of state sovereignty, and instead increasingly over ‘what the new form of social and political organization will be’. With regard to the present, this epochal warfare analysis projects that a shift from a Westphalian to post-Westphalian global system is underway. The contention herein is that the answer gains more accuracy if one takes a much longer historical standpoint beginning with classical civilization and moving through the medieval period to our modern world. Neo-medievalists have gone a step in this direction and posited that these changes represent the future of warfare and are evidence of a return, in a sense, to the primary tenets of political and social organization that existed in the period commonly referred to as the Middle Ages. This article is intended to serve as a ‘think piece’ which invites readers to view current perceived changes to the conduct of modern warfare in the broader historical light outlined by proponents of epochal change theory. Palabras clave: Guerra Política Cultura Digitalidad De acuerdo con los términos de estos últimos se busca, entonces, generar una reflexión que se ubique en el medio de dichos saberes, producir un agenciamiento que recorra las líneas que los conectan maquínicamente y explorar las maneras en las que pueden contribuir a una cartografía de nuestro presente. Es el caso de aquellos generados por la RAND Corp., de la mano de John Arquilla y David Ronfeldt, en los cuales se forjaron nociones tales como las de “guerra en red”, “combate en enjambres” y “noopolítica” y las propuestas de Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari plasmadas especialmente en el segundo volumen de su proyecto “Capitalismo y esquizofrenia”, Mil Mesetas, en el cual se introducen conceptos como los de “máquina de guerra” y “aparato de captura”. A través de una perspectiva que se vincula con lo contemporáneo a través de una “inactualidad”, se propone un ejercicio intelectual que realiza un entrecruce entre saberes científico-militares y teórico-críticos producidos en las últimas décadas del siglo pasado y de gran relevancia en sus campos respectivos. El presente ensayo se plantea un trabajo de discusión teórica a los fines de perfilar herramientas conceptuales para un abordaje crítico de dicho problema. Nuestro horizonte de época evidencia una relación problemática entre la guerra, la política y la cultura, que se presenta bajo los rasgos de una indistinción o solapamiento. ![]()
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